Why Do Some People Pay Attention - 1346 Words

The Models Why do some people pay attention to certain models and not others? Why do people imitate the same behavior differently? These are the questions Bandura (1977) attempted to answer in identifying some of the variables that influence the modeling process. Characteristics of the model, for example, determine to some extent whether or not they will be imitated. Models who are more similar to the person observing the behavior are more likely to be imitated, thus girls tend to imitate others of their same gender, and boys, vice versa. Models who are competent--perceived to have power and prestige--are also more likely to be imitated. Movie stars and athletes, as a result, often find their behavior and appearance imitated. Finally,†¦show more content†¦The four processes are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. †¢ Attention Observers must attend to the modeled behavior. Attention is influenced by characteristics of the observer (perceptual abilities, cognitive abilities, arousal, past performance) and characteristics of the behavior or event such as relevance, novelty, affective valence, and functional value. †¢ Retention In order to reproduce an observed behavior, observers must be able to remember features of the behavior. Again, this process is influenced by observer characteristics (cognitive capabilities, cognitive rehearsal) and event characteristics (complexity). †¢ Reproduction To reproduce a behavior, the observer must organize responses in accordance with the model. Observer characteristics affecting reproduction include physical and cognitive capabilities and previous performance. †¢ Motivation The decision to reproduce (or refrain from reproducing) an observed behavior is dependent on the motivations and expectations of the observer, including anticipated consequences and internal standards. Basic Assumptions of social learning theory: Social-cognitive theory is grounded by several basic assumptions. There are five assumptions of social learning theory: 1. People can learn by observing others. Learners can acquire new behaviors and knowledge by simply observing a model. A model is a person who demonstrates behavior for someone else. In our Electric

The Problem Of Discrimination At The Civil Rights Act Of 1964

Alvarez and Moser explore the problem of discrimination in the large company Walmart. Many female employees claim were their discriminated against in the workplace and sued the company for the unfair treatment in salary and promotion. This article shows the information of lawsuit cases for large company. The company had more awareness suing from the employee and needed to prevent it. I will use this source for backing ground for my argument. It shows 500,000 female employees files for the lawsuit in pay and promotions in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This evidence should help me to improve my argument for discrimination in the workplace. Busteed shows that the different performance between female athletes and male athletes after graduating from college. Gallup-Purdue Index, shows that formal female athletes do better perform in their career than male athletes do. This data show how the female athletes participate in work activities and have a great achieveme nt in the workplace and usually have a positive aspect in their sports and life. I will use this source for valid conditions of rebuttal. People might think male students perform better than female, but female are better than male students. Covert explores how women are discriminated against in the workplace. He shows 30 percent of women had the discrimination problem by using a new poll data from the Center for American Press and Elle Magazine. The different pay gap between men and women stillShow MoreRelatedTreton Discrimination Case1050 Words   |  5 PagesEmployment Discrimination at Treton Communications David Erving Oregon Institute of Technology Abstract Equal employment opportunity has been has been a major concern in American history. Although the nation was founded on the principles of individual merit, hard work and equality; discrimination still persists. Therefore, laws have been enacted to protect those who have been the victims of employment discrimination. A benchmark in employment laws is Title VII of the Civil Rights Act ofRead MoreEqual Employment Opportunity Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagespolicies (â€Å"Federal Laws Prohibiting Job Discrimination Questions and Answers†). Some laws that have been passed are the Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Although some discrimination is still a problem, all of these laws have helped the United States citizens become treated more equally in the work force. The Equal Pay Act was established on June 10, 1963(â€Å"The Equal Pay Act of 1963†). It is also referred to as theRead MoreEffects Of The Civil Rights Movement910 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement caused conflict after African Americans in Southern states were mistreated and had very different rights as the white. Some of the inequalities that African Americans had to face include the opportunities for housing, education and employment, the right to vote, and discrimination in several public places. This also gave the Supreme Court a new aspect since discrimination and segregation were legal. With a great leader such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. protesting for equalRead MoreLegal Issues In Reduction Of Workforce Essay1733 Words   |  7 Pagesemployment status. Nora Manson Nora Manson: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was aimed at helping the integration of African Americans into the workforce mainstream. Title VII prohibits discriminatory employment practices based on race or color that involve recruiting, hiring, and promotion of employees (Reed et al, 2005). Manson is the only African American in the group being considered. Therefore, she might have a lawsuit based on the 1964 Act. If she’s fired, she can claim that she was discriminatedRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 1964 Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesDraft (Paper 1) Throughout history discrimination has always been present anything that makes an individual different from another individual. Discirimination happens all the time which is tragic.During the 1960’s EEOC was created following the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a civil rights legislation. The Civil Rights Act outlawed discrimination and enforced that everyone was getting paid the same amount. Although , discrimination was still there but the law did helpRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 1957944 Words   |  4 Pagesagony of discrimination in the area of housing, the armed forces and transportation. These forms of discrimination joined with the idea of the inferiority of the Negro were the key stumbling blocks of the Truman, Eisenhower, and Kennedy and Johnson administrations in trying to improve the civil rights of the Negro (Rhode, 2014). In order to take a comprehensive look at the origins of the C.R.A. of 1964, it is necessary to examine the three previous administrations actions towards civil rights. EisenhowerRead MoreEssay on Relevancy of the Voting Rights Act in Modern Times1730 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, President Lynden Johnson decided it was time to create some legislation to prevent incidences such as this from happening in the future. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 have been hailed as some of â€Å"the most far-reaching bills on civil rights in modern times† (Schmidt et. al. 2010, 98). At that time in history, they were exactly what the country needed to stop itself from the discriminatory practices that were so wide spreadRead MoreHistory of Civil Rights in America Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagesbright and ominous as we as a nation have been openly discriminating against African-Americans for many years. For nearly as many years as Americans have been discriminating against African-Americans, people have been fighting for some form of equal rights for everyone, especially the African-America ns. History has shown that African-Americans have had some of the most valuable personal contributions that invariably led to the balancing of the tides of the American population. People are always theRead MoreShould The Civil Right Act?1184 Words   |  5 Pagesare mind blogging, right Well, let s think about a question like that when it comes to human resources management. One particular question that comes across is how significant is that Civil Right Act and how would it be if that act did not exist. One of my favorite times in history is the civil right movements, so when this topic was given my first go to was the civil right acts. The civil rights are the nation s premier civil rights legislation. The act outlawed discrimination based on race, colorRead MoreAnalyzing Diversity Within The Workplace1061 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"a place where a variety of races, cultures, or individuals assimilate into a cohesive whole† (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). For the purpose of analyzing diversity in the workplace, it is necessary to also define â€Å"cohesion.† Cohesion is defined as the act or state of sticking together tightly; especially: unity† (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). Is the United States truly a country where people regardless of their different ethnicities, genders, sexual orientation, cultures, and religious beliefs unified because

American Short Fiction Essay Example For Students

American Short Fiction Essay Word Count: 2178The Influence of Realism and Naturalism on 20th Century American Fiction After World War IAmerican people and the authors among them were left disillusioned by the effects that World War I had on their society. America needed a literature that would explain what had happened and what was happening to their society. American writers turned to what is now known as modernism. The influence of 19th Century realism and naturalism and their truthful representation of American life and people was evident in post World War I modernism. This paper will try to prove this by presenting the basic ideas and of these literary genres, literary examples of each, and then make connections between the two literary movements. Realism and Modernism not only depicted American society after World War I accurately and unbiasedly, but also tried to find the solutions brought upon by the suffering created by the war (Elliott 705). The realistic movement of the late 19th century saw authors ac curately depict life and its problems. Realists attempted to give a comprehensive picture of modern life (Elliott 502) by presenting many walks of life. They did not try to give one view of life but instead attempted to show the different classes, manners, and stratification of life in America. Realists created this picture of America by combining a wide variety of details derived from observation and documentation to approach the norm of experience (Elliot 503). Along with this technique, realists compared the objective or absolute existence in America to that of the universal truths, or observed facts of life (Harvey 12). In other words, realists objectively looked at American society and pointed out the aspects that it had in common with the general truths of existence. This realistic movement evolved as a result of many changes and transitions in American culture. In the late 1800s, the United States was experiencing swift growth and change (Bradley114) as a result of a changing economy, society, and culture because of an influx in the number of immigrants into America. Realists such as Henry James and William Dean Howells, two of the most prolific writers of the Nineteenth century, used typical realistic methods to create an accurate depiction of changing American life. William Dean Howells made his comic criticisms of society (Bradley 114) by comparing American culture with those of other countries. In his comic writings, Howells criticized American morality and ethics but still managed to accurately portray life as it happened. He attacked and attempted to resolve the moral difficulties of society by this rapid change (Elliott 505). He believed that novels should should present life as it is, not as it might be (American Literature Comptons). In the process of doing this, Howells demonstrated how life shaped the characters in his novels and their own motives and inspirations. By concentrating on these characters strengths as opposed to creating a strong plot, he thematically wrote of how life was more good than evil and, in return, wanted his literature to inspire more good. On the other hand, Henry James judged the world from a perspective offered by society and history (Bradley 704). He also separated himself from America to create an unbiased view of it as a spectator and analyst rather than recorder (Spiller 169) of the American social structure. He wrote from a perspective that allowed him to contrast American society with that of Europe by contrasting the peoples ideas. By contrasting social values and personal thought about Americas view of America, he presented to the people the differing motivational factors that stimulated the different social classes (Bradley 1143). Overall, these writers managed to very formally portray America as it was while adding their own criticisms about it in an attempt to stimulate change. The naturalist movement slowly developed with most of the same ideals as those of the realists in that it attempted to find lifes truths. In contrast, Naturalists, extreme realists, saw the corrupt side of life and how environment deprived individuals of responsibility (Elliott 514). Literary naturalism invited writers to examine human beings objectively, as a scientist studies nature (Am. Lit. Comptons). In portraying ugliness and cruelty, the authors refrained from preaching about them; rather they left readers to draw their own conclusions about the life they presented. Generally, these authors took a pessimistic view to portray a life that centered on the negative part of mans existence. When dealing with society directly, naturalists generally detailed the destruction of people without any sentiment. To do this, they wrote more open about societys problems in a more open manner usually using nature as a symbol for society. Naturalistic literature, like realistic, served as a catalyst for change but, in contrast, was a little more like propaganda. Even though only twenty years may h ave separated them, the transformation from realism/naturalism to modernism was a long one in terms of how much society had changed. The aforementioned rapid change in American society and Americas relation with the rest of the world left America in disarray. After the First World War, American society was divided and left without definition. This called for a new age of literary expression to control and document the isolationist fears, corruption, and disenchantment (Bradley 1339-1340) caused by the war. Authors looked to explain their generation and to respond to the social and moral confusions (1340). The World War broke down Americas fundamental institutions by dehumanizing the people that provided their strong foundations (1339). War diminished the individual identity and the society as a whole. The human personality was dwarfed as much by the dehumanizing magnitude of modern events (Bradley 1339) as by natural laws that controlled man to their own destiny. The French and Indian War Essay Authors after World War I created a new literature of enduring meritthat shattered conventional taboos in their expression of physical and psychological actuality. (Bradley 1339) This was the beginning of modernism. Modernism, although strongly influenced by realism and often referred to as an extension of naturalistic values, was the answer to Americas newfound problems. Modernism promoted and combined the scientific aspects of naturalism along with a psychological examination of the individual and the culture. By being so experimental (1340) and intense (1337), modernism was able to unite America after a period of crisis. Modernism centered on explorations into the spiritual nature of men and the value of his society and institutions. (1337) Like realism, modernists focused on changes on society (Elliott 699) and used symbolism, although in this case spiritual, to draw their fiction (Bradley 1340). Modernist writers, like most Americans, were amazed at the destructive power of war on the common man. Writers such as Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, and F. Scott Fitzgerald spearheaded the modernistic renaissance by employing realistic and naturalistic techniques. Hemingways The Sun Also Rises details the principle of an alienation from society that had been forced upon by the circumstances of the time (Spiller 271). In this case, it describes a young boy alienated from society because of his involvement in World War I, the loss of faith and hope and collapse of former values that occurs (Hart 284). His earlier works can sometimes be described as containing characteristic influences of naturalism (Bradley 1339). This can be reflected in his presentation of the strict relations between environment and fate (1339). Later in his career, Hemingway once again took the alienation from society route. This time, in the spirit of realist Henry James, he separates himself from American society to better judge it. With his novel The Green Hills of Africa, Hemingway compares American cultur e to Africas. At times, Hemingway began to seem like a little more than a modern realist (Spiller Lit His 1300). William Faulkner, producer of some of the most important books of the twentieth century, also strongly draws the connection between environment and fate. He combines naturalism and primitivism, a literary technique involving clear imagery, to create a sometimes confusing and complex detailed reading that involves people of all sorts- wealthy and poor, evil and good, slave and free- coming into sharp focus in his writing. (Faulkner Comptons) This idea, much like that of realist James, provides the reader with the whole picture of society. The novels and short stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald are famous for portraying the lost generation of the post-World War I era. Fitzgeralds moral values were social rather than personal (Fitzgerald Comptons). He believes that his writing should address the problems that society has and the problems that he has with society. Faulkners prose is ornate and complex. His sentences are long and complicated, and many nouns and adjectives are used. Hemingways style is quite the opposite. His sentences are short and pointed, and adjectives are used sparingly. The effect is one of great power and compression. By compressing his literary ideas in his writing, he makes his literature easily understood and direct to his readers. Many connections can be made between the literature of the late 19th century realism and naturalism and that of post-World War I modernism. First and most importantly of all, modernists, like realists and naturalists, attacked societys problems by using symbolism to make t heir own judgments of the basic foundations of American life. Modernists, such as Ernest Hemingway, looked at American society and compared to that of other cultures of the world. This technique had been extensively employed by such realists as Henry James. Modernism used the naturalist method of scientifically exploring the individual and the society. Stylistically, modernists, with the exception of Hemingway, wrote in a very formal, defined form. Modernists and realists both attacked the moral dilemmas in society. The only difference was that these dilemmas were different. While the realists attempted to give a comprehensive picture of modern life (502), modernists wished express the whole experience of modern life. (Elliott 598). These authors of the realistic and modernistic period had the same goals so naturally they wrote using the same ideas, methods, and principles. Realists focused on different literary aspects to detail how American culture was effected by these changes. T hey detailed characters shaped by society and tried to convey the good and evil aspects of life. Mirroring this technique, modernists portrayed people alienated and rejected from society because of the effects of the First World War. Both focused on detailing problems facing their characters, externally and internally, while not focusing on plot development. Thematically, both groups of authors conveyed the good and bad aspects of a changing American society. Both rallied for change and both asked for the unification of society, but both still lingered more on the presence of corruption in America. The only thing that separated the two movements was the societies around them. While both societies were experiencing major change quickly, they were so different. The two literatures had to be distinguished not because of their content and character, which was for the most part the same, but instead because of the differing conditions that existed around the literature. Even though both wanted to accurately depict life, they were written in two very distinct times in American history. During the rise of Realism and Naturalism, American culture was expanding and adapting. Modern life was being oppressed by the dehumanizing agents of warfare on a large scale. As we know, culture influences literature. Even though these two literary movements may have only been separated by about twenty years, in these twenty years, focus shifted from the interior of American society to how American society was affected by a conflict created as a result of opposing cultures. This idea of differing cultures producing differing literatures provides the basis for the differences in the movements. Modernism after World War I was influenced by the realistic/naturalistic movement of the late Nineteenth century. The literary goals, techniques, and principles of the modernists and realists/naturalists were the same. Both wanted to paint an unbiased, accurate picture of society by confronting the problems of the individual and of the society. To do this, most of the time they resorted to the same techniques. They created literature that combined scientific reasoning, unidealistic views and physical and psychological examination that painted a portrait of society that could be used to help American society adjust, define, and heal. Realists of the late Nineteenth century and Modernists of the 1920s wrote alike but were divided on the basis that their respective societies were so different. Works CitedAmerican Literature. Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia (Computer Program) 1995 Bradley, Sculley. The American Tradition in Literature. New York City: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1967: 1336-1342 Elliott, Emory. Columbia Literary History of the United States. New York City: Columbia University Press: 1988, 502-504, 599 Faulkner, William. Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia (Computer Program) 1995 Fitzgerald, Scott F.Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia (Computer Program) 1995 Har t, James D. The Oxford Companion to American Literature. New York City: Oxford University Press, 1995:284-285 Pizer, Donald. Realism and Naturalism. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1966: 3, 10-11 Spiller, Robert E. The Cycle of American Literature. New York City: The MacMillan Company, 1966: 269-303 Spiller, Robert E. et al. Literary History of the United States. New York City: The MacMillan Publishing Company, 1974: 1300

Womens Role In Family. Essays - Gender Studies,

Women's Role In Family. We have had our worst time. Women, for many years were kept hidden inside the dusty den of depravity. They were not allowed to go to a school. Home was their world. Outside world were meant only for men, the bread-earners of a family. Hence, they were wrapped by such a murky life that they remained disregarded for many years. But things are different now. Women induced as much courage within themselves so as to unveil their wrap to the society. Women's liberation group and what not have emerged since then. They have a lot of demands. They want proper education for the girl child. They want status at par with men in every respect possible. But whom are they asking their demands to? Men. That's right. Men. And to me, by activating themselves through this process of liberation, they are in fact intensifying the superior contemplation of their opposite sex. There is no doubt that they have been successful to a certain extent in reaching their goals. Now women go to schools. They can now educate themselves as much as they want. If not a lot, then some are acquiring high and respectable positions in work places. But since it is a fact that even after all these accomplishments, there still exits women liberation groups, makes us think that all of women's demands are not fulfilled. And it will never be fulfilled if they continue this way. That is because whenever they are demanding something, they are actually giving men a choice. If it is fruitful to a man to educate a girl child, then he would consider it, or else they won't. In other words, women haven't really been successful in changing man's attitude towards them. So, what should they do now? I think that the best way to deal with this issue would be to make the man realize of their own importance to the society as a whole. What role do women play in the world? My mother is a woman and I can't disregard her influence on my life. She is a great person to me. And I only have positive thoughts about her. Likewise, every woman should play a key role in establishing a warm and solid link with her child so that in future when the child grows up to be a man, he would realize the importance of a mother in their household. Household. That's the word I still prefer in regard to women. Women truly plays a major role in the household. To me, a family would be perfect and happy if the man plays the role of a bread earner for the family and the woman plays the role of a household mother. Here the meaning of the word mother goes a lot beyond our typical knowledge of motherhood. She won't be the mother only to her child, rather to her family and to her society as a whole. I know that it is not very heard of in the western part of the world. But in the east, where I was born and brought up, injected within me the idea that a woman is a mother whose responsibilities lie strictly surrounding the well being of the family. And if that requires a mother to work outside the home, she should do that, not for the sake of doing it, rather for the betterment of the household she belongs. Even though it may apparently appear to be outrageously wrong to adopt my above suggestion, but, believe me, it works. I truly do not want women to enjoy less freedom than their male counterpart. Neither do I want women to be suppressed from the proper rights and privileges that our society has to offer to an individual. But, just think about it. Bibliography None Sociology